Pentru a boota de pe CD-ROM este necesar ca BIOS-ul sa suporte aceasta
optiune. Daca BIOS-ul dumneavoastra nu stie sa booteze dupa un CD-ROM bootabil,
creati una sau mai multe dischete de boot. Orice BIOS suporta bootarea de pe
floppy disk.
Prima parte a bootari este introducerea. Aici aveti posibilitatea sa bootati
in modul grafic ( vezi RedHat, SuSe, Mandrake etc.) sau in modul text ( Debian ).
Modul grafic se bazeaza pe un server X, in timp ce, modul text se bazeaza pe
cateva librarii ce-i permit linux-ului sa afiseze niste ferestre de tip MS-DOS
( click aici pentru un snapshot ).
Mai exista si modul expert, dar nu il recomand nici macar utilizatorilor ce
detin cunostiinte medii de Linux. Pentru cei carora nu le functioneaza modul
grafic le recomand modul text. Astfel, tastati "text" si apasati ENTER. In
cateva secunde pe ecranul monitorului veti observa o serie de fraze, care mai
de care mai ciudate. Aceea este secventa de boot a Linux-ului. Mai exact,
BIOS-ul incarca programelul aflat pe discheta boot-abila care este SYSLINUX
( un boot loader ). Acesta la randul lui ( cand apasati ENTER, sau tastati
"text" si apasati ENTER ) incarca kernel-ul. Un exemplu de astfel de ecran
este urmatorul ( // -> reprezinta comentarii, si nu apar in secventa de boot,
ci sunt puse de mine pentru a explica ):
Jul 1 13:45:56 bell syslogd 1.4.1#10: restart.
Jul 1 13:45:56 bell kernel: klogd 1.4.1#10, log source = /proc/kmsg started.
// pornirea serviciilor de logare syslog si klog
Jul 1 13:45:56 bell kernel: Inspecting /boot/System.map-2.4.18
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Loaded 16176 symbols from /boot/System.map-2.4.18.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Symbols match kernel version 2.4.18.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Loaded 104 symbols from 11 modules.
// /boot/system.map-2.4.18 este un fisier generat in urma compilari kernel-ului
si al instalarii modulelor si contine diverse simboluri de care are
kernel-ul nevoie
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Linux version 2.4.18 (root@bell) (gcc version 2.95.4 20011002 (Debian prerelease)) #1 Sun Jun 30 15:12:58 EEST 2002
// versiunea kernel-ului, (user@hostname)( and_the_rest)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: BIOS-e820: 0000000000000000 - 000000000009fc00 (usable)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: BIOS-e820: 000000000009fc00 - 00000000000a0000 (reserved)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: BIOS-e820: 00000000000f0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 0000000007ef0000 (usable)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: BIOS-e820: 0000000007ef0000 - 0000000007ef3000 (ACPI NVS)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: BIOS-e820: 0000000007ef3000 - 0000000007f00000 (ACPI data)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: BIOS-e820: 00000000ffb00000 - 0000000100000000 (reserved)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: On node 0 totalpages: 32496
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: zone(0): 4096 pages.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: zone(1): 28400 pages.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: zone(2): 0 pages.
// sunt descoperite zonele de memorie
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=Debian root=301
// mai sus se precizeaza parametrii folositi la incarcarea kernel-ului
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Initializing CPU#0
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Detected 701.604 MHz processor.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Console: colour VGA+ 80x25
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Calibrating delay loop... 1399.19 BogoMIPS
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Memory: 125536k/129984k available (1217k kernel code, 4060k reserved, 375k data, 196k init, 0k highmem)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Dentry-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Mount-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Buffer-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Page-cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: CPU: Before vendor init, caps: 0383f9ff 00000000 00000000, vendor = 0
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: CPU: L1 I cache: 16K, L1 D cache: 16K
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: CPU: L2 cache: 128K
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: CPU: After vendor init, caps: 0383f9ff 00000000 00000000 00000000
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Intel machine check architecture supported.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Intel machine check reporting enabled on CPU#0.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: CPU: After generic, caps: 0383f9ff 00000000 00000000 00000000
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: CPU: Common caps: 0383f9ff 00000000 00000000 00000000
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: CPU: Intel Celeron (Coppermine) stepping 06
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Enabling fast FPU save and restore... done.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Enabling unmasked SIMD FPU exception support... done.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Checking 'hlt' instruction... OK.
// s-a realizat detectia procesor-ului, cu componentele principale
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: PCI BIOS revision 2.10 entry at 0xfb260, last bus=1
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Using configuration type 1
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Probing PCI hardware
// se incarca driver-ul de PCI-uri si se face detectia device-urilor ce se afla pe acestea
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Unknown bridge resource 2: assuming transparent
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Using IRQ router PIIX [8086/2410] at 00:1f.0
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Linux NET4.0 for Linux 2.4
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Based upon Swansea University Computer Society NET3.039
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Initializing RT netlink socket
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: apm: BIOS version 1.2 Flags 0x07 (Driver version 1.16)
// driver-ul de Advanced Power Management, ce se ocupa printre altele cu si cu inchiderea sistemului
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Starting kswapd
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Journalled Block Device driver loaded
// se incarca driver-ul JBD, pentru journalling
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: pty: 256 Unix98 ptys configured
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Serial driver version 5.05c (2001-07-08) with MANY_PORTS SHARE_IRQ SERIAL_PCI enabled
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ttyS00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ttyS01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16550A
// sa incarcat driver-ul de seriala
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Found IRQ 5 for device 00:1f.6
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Sharing IRQ 5 with 00:1f.5
// aici se face detectia PCI despre care vb mai devreme
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: i810_rng hardware driver 0.9.6 loaded
// e vorba de o placa de baza i810, iar in kernel, optiunea i810_rng a fost activata
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: block: 128 slots per queue, batch=32
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 6.31
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ide: Assuming 33MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PIIX4: IDE controller on PCI bus 00 dev f9
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PIIX4: chipset revision 2
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PIIX4: not 100%% native mode: will probe irqs later
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ide0: BM-DMA at 0xf000-0xf007, BIOS settings: hda:DMA, hdb:pio
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ide1: BM-DMA at 0xf008-0xf00f, BIOS settings: hdc:DMA, hdd:pio
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: hda: WDC AC31200F, ATA DISK drive
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: hdc: CD-540E, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ide1 at 0x170-0x177,0x376 on irq 15
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: hda: 2503872 sectors (1282 MB) w/64KiB Cache, CHS=621/64/63, DMA
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: hdc: ATAPI 40X CD-ROM drive, 128kB Cache, UDMA(33)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.12
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Partition check:
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: hda: hda1 hda2
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: FDC 0 is a post-1991 82077
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: loop: loaded (max 8 devices)
// se detecteaza disk-urile cd tip IDE, aici gasind 3: un HDD (WDC), un CD-ROM, si un floppy
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Linux agpgart interface v0.99 (c) Jeff Hartmann
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: agpgart: Maximum main memory to use for agp memory: 93M
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: agpgart: Detected an Intel i810 Chipset.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: agpgart: AGP aperture is 64M @ 0xd0000000
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: [drm] AGP 0.99 on Intel i810 @ 0xd0000000 64MB
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: [drm] Initialized i810 1.1.0 20000928 on minor 63
// se incarca AGP-ul unei placi de baza i810
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: usb.c: registered new driver hub
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: uhci.c: USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver v1.1
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Found IRQ 9 for device 00:1f.2
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Setting latency timer of device 00:1f.2 to 64
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: uhci.c: USB UHCI at I/O 0xd000, IRQ 9
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: usb.c: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: hub.c: USB hub found
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: hub.c: 2 ports detected
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: NET4: Linux TCP/IP 1.0 for NET4.0
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP, IGMP
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: IP: routing cache hash table of 512 buckets, 4Kbytes
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Linux IP multicast router 0.06 plus PIM-SM
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: NET4: Unix domain sockets 1.0/SMP for Linux NET4.0.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Freeing unused kernel memory: 196k freed
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Adding Swap: 80636k swap-space (priority -1)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: 8139too Fast Ethernet driver 0.9.24
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Found IRQ 11 for device 01:04.0
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Sharing IRQ 11 with 00:01.0
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: eth0: RealTek RTL8139 Fast Ethernet at 0xc88b8000, 00:02:44:3b:19:03, IRQ 11
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: eth0: Identified 8139 chip type 'RTL-8139C'
// s-a incarcat modului 8139too
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: slmdm: country set is 0xb5 (USA).
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Smart Link AMRMO modem.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: amrmo: probe 8086:2416 Intel Corp. 82801AA AC'97 Modem : ICH card...
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Found IRQ 5 for device 00:1f.6
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Sharing IRQ 5 with 00:1f.5
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: Intel 810 + AC97 Audio, version 0.21, 15:22:16 Jun 30 2002
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Found IRQ 5 for device 00:1f.5
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Sharing IRQ 5 with 00:1f.6
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: PCI: Setting latency timer of device 00:1f.5 to 64
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: i810: Intel ICH 82801AA found at IO 0xd800 and 0xd400, IRQ 5
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: i810_audio: Audio Controller supports 2 channels.
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ac97_codec: AC97 Audio codec, id: 0x4144:0x5340 (Analog Devices AD1881)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: i810_audio: AC'97 codec 0 Unable to map surround DAC's (or DAC's not present), total channels = 2
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ac97_codec: AC97 Modem codec, id: 0x5349:0x4c22 (Silicon Laboratory Si3036)
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: i810_audio: timed out waiting for codec 1 analog ready<6>eth0: Setting half-duplex based on auto-negotiated partner ability 0000.
// s-a incarcat modulul i810_audio si imediat s-a descoperit o placa de sunet i810 si s-a incarcat driver-ul.
// modulul ac97_codec contine si un cod pentru driver-ul audio al modem-urilor AMR/CNR...
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ip_tables: (C) 2000-2002 Netfilter core team
Jul 1 13:45:57 bell kernel: ip_conntrack (1015 buckets, 8120 max)
...
Astfel de mesaje va vor aparea pe ecranul monitorului la fiecare secventa de
boot. In cazul in care nu doriti sub nici o forma mesaje de acest gen, le
puteti redirecta cu ajutorul bootloader-ului si a parametrilor kernelului.
Tot ce trebuie sa faceti e sa puneti o linie in /etc/lilo.conf care sa arate
in felul urmator:
append="console=/dev/tty2 CONSOLE=/dev/tty2", si mesajele vor apare de
acum inainte pe ce-a de-a II-a consola. Atentie, dupa adaugarea liniei
"append..." rulati comanda /sbin/lilo.
